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Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma: Symptoms, Signs, and Causes

Home> Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma> Symptoms and Causes

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma , or non-Hodgkin's disease, manifests with various symptoms, including painless swelling of lymph nodes, unexplained fever, night sweats, persistent fatigue, and unintentional weight loss. Potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma causes include genetic factors, immune system disorders, and infections like the Epstein-Barr virus. Early detection is crucial for effective management.

Who is Mainly Affected By Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can affect individuals of any age, but it is more commonly diagnosed in adults. Certain risk factors, such as a weakened immune system, exposure to certain chemicals, and infections, may increase the likelihood of developing this lymphoma.

Where does Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Start?

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma often begins in the lymph nodes, small glands crucial for the immune system. However, it can originate in other lymphatic tissues, such as the spleen, bone marrow, and even extranodal sites. The specific location can influence symptoms and treatment approaches.

11 Most Common Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Signs and Symptoms

Painless Swelling of Lymph Nodes

One of the most prevalent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma signs is painless swelling of lymph nodes, typically noticed in the neck, armpit, or groin. Enlarged lymph nodes often indicate abnormal growth, and therefore, they require a prompt evaluation.

Unexplained Fever

An unexplained, persistent fever is one of the most important non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms. This symptom often accompanies the body's immune response to lymphoma cells.

Drenching Night Sweats

Experiencing drenching night sweats unrelated to external factors, such as room temperature or bedding, is also one of the most important non-Hodgkin's lymphoma symptoms.

Persistent Fatigue

Chronic, unexplained fatigue is also identified as one of the non-Hodgkin's lymphoma signs; it is often related to anemia or the body's efforts to combat the disease.

Loss of Appetite

A loss of appetite is also one of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms. If the tumor is pressing on the GI organs, such as the stomach or small intestine, the patient’s appetite may be affected. Also, inflammation and poor nutrient absorption associated with lymphoma may negatively impact the appetite.

Unexplained Weight Loss

Significant, unexplained weight loss is one of the prominent non-Hodgkin's lymphoma signs. The cancerous cells use up all the energy resources, leading to weight loss. Reduced appetite may also contribute to unintended weight loss.

Cough or Chest Pain

A persistent cough or chest pain could also be one of the non-Hodgkin‘s lymphoma signs. These respiratory symptoms can indicate lymphoma involvement in the mediastinum and should be evaluated by a specialist.

Abdominal Pain

Abdominal pain can also occur as one of the non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma symptoms in cases where abdominal organs or lymph nodes are involved.

A Sensation of Bloating or Fullness

Enlarged abdominal lymph nodes in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can give rise to a sensation of bloating or fullness.

Itchy Skin

Pruritus, or itchy skin, is also one of the important non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma signs. While itchy skin can have various causes, persistent or unexplained itching warrants medical attention for a thorough evaluation.

Trouble Breathing (Dyspnea)

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma affecting the chest may lead to difficulty breathing or dyspnea. If respiratory symptoms are persistent, it is necessary to seek prompt medical attention to identify the underlying cause and determine appropriate management.

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Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Causes

The exact causes of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are not fully understood, but certain factors may increase the risk. These include genetic predisposition, immune system disorders, infections like the Epstein-Barr virus, exposure to certain chemicals, and age. These are referred to as risk factors. The following are the potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma causes:

Age

Increasing age is a potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cause. Some subtypes are more common in older adults, while others are more common among younger populations.

Sex

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is slightly more common in men.

Family History

A positive family history of lymphoma or other blood cancers may be a potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cause.

Weakened Immune System

A weakened immune system that is caused by HIV/AIDS, organ transplants, or autoimmune diseases can increase one’s risk of developing NHL.

Certain Infections

Certain infections, such as hepatitis B, C, Epstein-Barr virus, and human T-lymphotropic virus Type I can increase one’s chances of developing non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

Chemical Exposure

Occupational or prolonged exposure to certain hazardous chemicals, such as herbicides and pesticides, can serve as a potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cause.

Radiation Exposure

Those who have undergone radiation therapy in the past have a higher risk of NHL development.

Autoimmune Diseases

Certain autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac disease, etc., can also serve as a potential non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cause.

Obesity

Obesity may serve as a possible non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma cause, as it increases the risk of certain NHL types.

Breast Implants

A few studies have reported that breast implants may increase the risk of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. However, more evidence is needed to support this claim.

When to See an Oncologist?

Consulting oncologists or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma specialists becomes essential if you experience symptoms suggestive of non-Hodgkin's disease, such as painless swelling of lymph nodes, unexplained fever, or persistent fatigue. Additionally, if diagnosed with lymphoma or undergoing treatment, regular follow-ups with an oncologist are crucial for monitoring progress and managing any potential side effects.

Conclusion

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a complex and diverse group of cancers that requires a multidisciplinary approach for effective management. Early detection, personalized treatment plans, and ongoing research contribute to improved outcomes. While facing challenges, advancements in medical science provide hope for enhanced therapies and a better quality of life for individuals affected by non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. What is the survival rate of non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas?

Survival rates for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas vary widely depending on factors like subtype, stage at diagnosis, and overall health. Advances in treatment have significantly improved survival rates, and outcomes continue to improve with evolving therapeutic strategies.

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can cause a range of symptoms, including fatigue, unexplained weight loss, and night sweats. However, individuals may experience these symptoms differently, and some may not feel notably ill. Regular medical check-ups and open communication with healthcare providers are crucial for early detection and management.

Pain levels in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma vary depending on factors such as the lymphoma subtype and affected areas. Pain may occur, particularly if lymph nodes or organs are involved. Effective pain management strategies are an integral part of comprehensive care.

While stress can impact overall health, there is no direct evidence linking stress alone to the development of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The disease's causes are multifactorial, involving genetic, environmental, and immune system factors.

Exposure to certain chemicals, such as pesticides and herbicides, may increase the risk of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Additionally, occupations involving chemical exposure may contribute to the development of this lymphoma.

While both non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and leukemia originate from abnormal lymphocytes, one does not typically transform into the other. However, in some cases, the shared features can make their distinction challenging. Accurate diagnosis and classification are imperative for the effective management of both of these conditions.

No, there is no natural cure for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Medical interventions are necessary for the effective management of this condition. Chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy are the commonly recommended treatment options for non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

The symptoms of non-Hodgkin’s follicular lymphoma may vary from one patient to another. The commonly observed non-Hodgkin's follicular lymphoma symptoms include enlarged lymph nodes, fatigue, night sweats, fever, itchy skin, shortness of breath, a swollen abdomen, pain and discomfort, and weight loss.

Yes, the symptoms of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma in men and women are generally the same. This is because the symptoms of NHL depend on its type and location rather than gender.